Best Practices for Designing and Implementing JWT Authentication：Claude Code 实战指南

JWT Authentication Fundamentals

JWT (JSON Web Token) is a token format that enables stateless authentication. With Claude Code, you can efficiently build a secure JWT authentication system.

Token Generation and Verification

import jwt from "jsonwebtoken";
import { z } from "zod";

const TokenPayloadSchema = z.object({
  userId: z.string(),
  email: z.string().email(),
  role: z.enum(["admin", "user", "viewer"]),
});

type TokenPayload = z.infer<typeof TokenPayloadSchema>;

const JWT_CONFIG = {
  accessSecret: process.env.JWT_ACCESS_SECRET!,
  refreshSecret: process.env.JWT_REFRESH_SECRET!,
  accessExpiresIn: "15m" as const,
  refreshExpiresIn: "7d" as const,
};

function generateTokens(payload: TokenPayload) {
  const accessToken = jwt.sign(payload, JWT_CONFIG.accessSecret, {
    expiresIn: JWT_CONFIG.accessExpiresIn,
    issuer: "my-app",
    audience: "my-app-client",
  });

  const refreshToken = jwt.sign(
    { userId: payload.userId },
    JWT_CONFIG.refreshSecret,
    {
      expiresIn: JWT_CONFIG.refreshExpiresIn,
      issuer: "my-app",
    }
  );

  return { accessToken, refreshToken };
}

function verifyAccessToken(token: string): TokenPayload {
  const decoded = jwt.verify(token, JWT_CONFIG.accessSecret, {
    issuer: "my-app",
    audience: "my-app-client",
  });
  return TokenPayloadSchema.parse(decoded);
}

Authentication Middleware

import { Request, Response, NextFunction } from "express";

interface AuthenticatedRequest extends Request {
  user?: TokenPayload;
}

function authMiddleware(
  req: AuthenticatedRequest,
  res: Response,
  next: NextFunction
) {
  const authHeader = req.headers.authorization;

  if (!authHeader?.startsWith("Bearer ")) {
    return res.status(401).json({ error: "No token provided" });
  }

  const token = authHeader.slice(7);

  try {
    const payload = verifyAccessToken(token);
    req.user = payload;
    next();
  } catch (error) {
    if (error instanceof jwt.TokenExpiredError) {
      return res.status(401).json({
        error: "Token expired",
        code: "TOKEN_EXPIRED",
      });
    }
    return res.status(401).json({ error: "Invalid token" });
  }
}

Refresh Token Rotation

For enhanced security, issue a new refresh token on each refresh.

import { Redis } from "ioredis";

const redis = new Redis(process.env.REDIS_URL!);

async function refreshAccessToken(refreshToken: string) {
  // Check if the refresh token has been revoked
  const isRevoked = await redis.get(`revoked:${refreshToken}`);
  if (isRevoked) {
    throw new Error("Refresh token has been revoked");
  }

  const decoded = jwt.verify(refreshToken, JWT_CONFIG.refreshSecret) as {
    userId: string;
  };

  // Fetch user info
  const user = await getUserById(decoded.userId);
  if (!user) {
    throw new Error("User not found");
  }

  // Revoke old refresh token
  await redis.set(
    `revoked:${refreshToken}`,
    "1",
    "EX",
    7 * 24 * 60 * 60
  );

  // Generate new token pair
  const payload: TokenPayload = {
    userId: user.id,
    email: user.email,
    role: user.role,
  };

  return generateTokens(payload);
}

Login Endpoint

import bcrypt from "bcrypt";

app.post("/auth/login", async (req, res) => {
  const { email, password } = req.body;

  const user = await getUserByEmail(email);
  if (!user) {
    return res.status(401).json({ error: "Invalid credentials" });
  }

  const isValid = await bcrypt.compare(password, user.passwordHash);
  if (!isValid) {
    return res.status(401).json({ error: "Invalid credentials" });
  }

  const payload: TokenPayload = {
    userId: user.id,
    email: user.email,
    role: user.role,
  };

  const tokens = generateTokens(payload);

  // Set refresh token as HttpOnly Cookie
  res.cookie("refreshToken", tokens.refreshToken, {
    httpOnly: true,
    secure: true,
    sameSite: "strict",
    maxAge: 7 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000,
  });

  res.json({ accessToken: tokens.accessToken });
});

Security Considerations

Key points to watch for in JWT authentication. For overall security design, also see OAuth Authentication Implementation.

Risk	Mitigation
Token leakage	Short expiration + refresh tokens
XSS	HttpOnly Cookie + CSP
CSRF	SameSite attribute + CSRF tokens
Replay attacks	jti claim + blacklist

Using with Claude Code

When implementing JWT authentication tailored to your existing codebase, instruct Claude Code as follows. For productivity tips, see 10 Tips to 3x Your Claude Code Productivity.

Implement JWT authentication.
- Access token: 15 minutes, Refresh token: 7 days
- Refresh token rotation support
- Redis-based token blacklist management
- Integrate with the existing user model

For detailed JWT specifications, see RFC 7519. For Claude Code usage, refer to the official documentation.

总结

JWT authentication offers the appeal of stateless design, but token management and security measures are critical. Implementing with Claude Code while understanding your entire project ensures a consistent authentication foundation.